In another study conducted by Pinto and Mardones, 2008 on Noise-mapping of Copacabana, Rio-de-Janeiro (Brazil) shows that noise maps are a perfect approach to noise level distribution of any area. Joshi et al., 2015 observed through noise maps of Mumbai city that most of the areas had been exposed with a very high intensity of noise range from 63.8dB (A) to 80.2 dB (A). Merchan and Diaz, 2013 reported that noise mapping is an economic process that could save them time and money for decision-makers to take remedial measures. Noise mapping ultimately gives a lucid image of traffic movements at the specific locality and becomes helpful to traffic management.
Many researchers have revealed that noise mapping is one of the most effective and reliable tools for analyzing noise in an urban environment. Akhter et al., 2002 revealed that the noise level of selected locations of Delhi had been observed in the range of 53 dB (A) to 83 dB (A). In India, the environmentalists have raised their severe concern and resolved to move towards pressing noise mapping methodology to identify and quantify the scale of noise affecting the human population. It may use in understanding and visualizing the way noise spread from the roads to residential areas and helps to see the effects of noise due to nearby buildings along the roads’ periphery. Noise maps are also helpful in establishing the existing baseline data to measure the effectiveness of future initiatives to control noise pollution. Contour lines are used to show the boundary of varying noise levels in a particular area. Noise maps are the graphical presentation of noise levels according to different color combinations. Noise mapping is one of the best ways to understand environmental noise levels, origin, sources, and distribution. Noise mapping covers the entire mapping process from the collection of data, the storage and retrieval of this data for modeling/computation to demonstrate information related to outdoor sound levels, sound exposure, noise effects, or numbers of affected persons. It helps to identify work locations where there are noise problems, people who may be affected, and where additional noise measurements need to be made. Noise monitoring plays a vital role in finding critical noise exposure locations. Before suggesting mitigative measures, it is imperative to identify the source/sources of noise, its levels, and critical locations where immediate remedial measures are required. With the hasty increase in urbanization, industrialization, and other communication of transport systems, noise pollution has reached a distressing level over the years. In recent times, noise pollution has been recognized as one of the major apprehensions that adversely impact the quality of life in urban areas across the globe. It will help the decision-makers take remedial measures. This study will explore noise levels in both horizontal and vertical directions near roads surrounded by high-rise buildings. However, a noise level of 65 dB (A) has been observed at the height of 5.486m at Lala Lajpat Rai Marg and Sabz Burj. The 3-D noise maps also revealed a noise level of 70 dB (A) up to a height of 6.096m at the Ashram Chowk and Moolchand intersection. However, the 3-D noise maps show horizontal as well as vertical noise levels at all locations.
2-D noise maps revealed that the noise level is maximum at the centerline of the road and decreases either side with the distance, and remains above the permissible limits at all locations. Monitoring results of noise level show non-compliance of regulatory standards for day time and night time. The maximum noise level is observed at Ashram Chowk at 8 pm however, the minimum noise level is found to be at Lala Lajpat Rai Road at 7 pm.
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Then after, 2-D and 3-D noise maps have been prepared, visualized, and analyzed by soundPLAN (acoustic) and MapInfo Pro (Desktop GIS). The monitoring has been performed during the day and night’s peak traffic hours using Sound Level Meter (SLM) Larson & Davis 831as per standard procedure. Moolchand, Ashram, Sabz Burj, and Lodhi road. 2-D and 3-D noise mapping has been carried out at pre-selected critical locations of major roads passing through densely populated residential areas, namely, Mathura Road, Lodhi Road, Lala Lajpat Rai Road, and Ring road, along with significant intersections, viz. Noise monitoring and mapping is the critical processes to ensure that the noise level does not reach the harmful levels and provides noise exposure level details.
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